Clinical Stage II refers to an operable lesion of the breast in which the examiner believes that there are clinically metastatic axillary lymph nodes. The mere presence of palpable lymph nodes ...
In addition there were multiple small cervical lymph nodes palpable bilaterally. There was also a left supraclavicular lymph node 2 cm in diameter. Examination of the heart and lungs was normal.
Intraoperative frozen biopsy and sentinel lymph nodes technique have not shown sufficient accuracy to avoid extended lymphadenectomy, due to the significant rates of skip lymphatic metastasis.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy's effect on local disease management of breast cancer has a number of clinical implications, including tumor downsizing, potentially improved overall survival, and more.
Solbiati, Luigi Osti, Valeria Cova, Luca and Tonolini, Massimo 2001. Thyroid Nodules: Which Sonographic Criteria for Differentiation between Benign and Malignant ...